The Nature of Islamophobia: Institutions, Individuals, and Trickle-Down Hate

“Asfari and Askar offer one of the best and most thorough explorations of Islamophobia―historical, social, and political―providing essential insight into how this \[phenomenon\] emerged and how it has been weaponized over centuries to demonize and target Muslims.” ―Maha Hilal, Institute for Policy Studies “Asfari and Askar deftly guide readers through the complex historical, political, and discursive terrain of Islamophobia, offering a timely and nuanced approach…. Accessible and engaging.” ―Jasmin Zine, Wilfrid Laurier University A groundbreaking book on how anti-Muslim bigotry operates across multiple sectors―structural, institutional, sociocultural, and on the individual level…. This is an essential contribution to the growing body of scholarship in the field of Islamophobia Studies, and a must-read for scholars, policymakers, and advocates seeking to understand and challenge one of the most pervasive and dangerous forms of racism today.” ― Hatem Bazian, University of California―Berkeley "A comprehensive analysis that provides both historical context and contemporary understanding.... A perfect introduction to the various forms of Islamophobia."―Mobashra Tazamal, Georgetown University "A must read for anyone who wants to dig deeper into the nature of Islamophobia. This incisive study examines the phenomenon from multiple perspectives, including those of victims, perpetrators, and state power."―Farrukh B. Hakeem, Shaw University In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Muslims became the targets of fear, discrimination, and hate crimes―victims of a rising wave of Islamophobia. To understand this phenomenon, Amin Asfari and Anas Askar explore the interconnected historical, political, and social forces that have contributed to the perception of Muslims as a threat. CONTENTS:

• Islamophobia: An Integrated Approach.
• Perpetual Code Red: Colonialism, Muslim Immigration, and September 11.
• A Milieu of Hate: Sociocultural Roots.
• Private Islamophobia: Individual Prejudice.
• Self-Hating Muslims: Intrareligious Islamophobia.
• Pathways Forward: Advocating for Muslims.